Classification and usage skills of antibiotics

antibacterial drugs
1.1 Classification according to the antibacterial spectrum and application of drugs
1. The main antibacterial drugs against Gram-positive bacteria include: penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, lincosamides, bacitracin wait.
2. The main antibacterial drugs against Gram-negative bacteria include: aminoglycosides and polymyxins.
3. Broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs include: fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, amide alcohols, etc.
4. Antifungal and antibacterial drugs include: amphotericin B, nystatin, clotrimazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, etc.
5. Antiparasitic antibacterial drugs include: ivermectin, abamectin, monensin, salinomycin, maduramycin, etc.
1.2. Classification according to chemical structure
1. β-lactam
penicillins: fungicides during breeding season, penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, oxacillin, piperacillin sodium, dicloxacillin, etc.
Cephalosporins: ceftaxime, cefadroxil, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone sodium, cephalexin, ceftiofur, etc.
2. Aminoglycosides
streptomycin sulfate, apramycin sulfate, gentamicin sulfate, amikacin (amikacin sulfate), neomycin sulfate, spectinomycin sulfate, etc.
3. Tetracyclines
Oxytetracycline, Tetracycline, Chlortetracycline, Doxycycline, Metacycline, Minocycline, etc.
4. Amino alcohols such as
thiamphenicol, florfenicol, etc.
5. Macrolide
erythromycin, roxithromycin, erythromycin thiocyanate, kitasamycin tartrate, tylosin, tilmicosin, tediroxin, gamimycin, etc.
6. Lincomycin,
a lincosamide.
7. Polypeptide
bacitracin, colistin, antibacterial peptides, etc.
8. Polyene
nystatin, amphotericin B, etc.
9. Phosphorus-containing polysaccharides
such as flavomycin, carbamycin, and erythromycin are mainly used as feed additives.
10. Polyether ion
monensin, salinomycin, etc.
1.3. Synthetic antibacterial drugs
1, sulfasulfadiazine
, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamidine, sulfamethoxine sodium, sulfaquinazoline, sulfachloropyrazine sodium, sulfadimethoxine sodium, sulfamethoxine Sodium etc.
Highly sensitive to Streptococcus, Pneumococcus, Salmonella, Corynebacterium pyogenes, etc.; completely ineffective against Spirochetes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Rickettsia, viruses, etc.
2. Antibacterial synergist
TMD, DVD, etc.
3. Furans such as
furazolidone.
4. Quinolones
Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Enrofloxacin, Pefloxacin, Ofloxacin, Dafloxacin, etc.
5. Other compound antibacterial drugs
carbadox, isoniazid, berberine, etc.
6. Metronidazole
, metronidazole, dimeridazole, etc.
7. Antiviral drugs
interferon, transfer factor, astragalus polysaccharide, etc.
2. Incompatibility
1. Penicillins such as
ampicillin sodium, amoxicillin, and penicillin G potassium
[increased efficacy of compatibility] streptomycin, neomycin, polymyxin, quinolones; [decreased efficacy of compatibility] tilmicosin, Doxycycline, Florfenicol; [compatibility failure] aminophylline, sulfonamides, VC-polyphosphate, roxithromycin.
2. Tetracyclines Tetracycline
, doxycycline, doxycycline, chlortetracycline
[compatibility enhancement] tylosin, tiamulin, TMP; [compatibility failure] aminophylline.
3. Cephradine, cephalexin
, cephalexin, cephalosporins, cephalosporins,
cephalosporins, and cephalosporins [increased efficacy of compatibility] neomycin, gentamicin, quinolones, colistin sulfate; [decreased efficacy of compatibility] aminophylline, VC, sulfonamides, roxigenin Erythromycin, doxycycline, florfenicol; [increased compatibility with nephrotoxicity] cephalosporin II, diuretics.
4. Macrolides
roxithromycin, erythromycin thiocyanate, and tilmicosin
[increased efficacy of compatibility] gentamicin, neomycin, florfenicol; [decreased efficacy of compatibility] Lincomycin [compatibility failure] sodium chloride
, calcium chloride;
[increased compatibility toxicity] kanamycin, sulfonamides, aminophylline.
5. Aminoglycoside antibiotics
neomycin sulfate, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin
[enhanced efficacy of compatibility] ampicillin sodium, cephradine, cephalexin, doxycycline, TMP; [decreased efficacy of compatibility] VC, Florfenicol.
6. Polymyxins
[increased compatibility efficacy] doxycycline, florfenicol, cephalexin, roxithromycin, tilmicosin, quinolones; [increased compatibility toxicity] atropine, cephalosporin, Mycin, Gentamicin.
7. Quinolones
ofloxacin, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin
[compatibility enhancement] cephalosporins, ampicillin, streptomycin, neomycin, gentamicin, sulfonamides; ã€Compatibility reduces curative effectã€'tetracycline, doxycycline, florfenicol, furans, roxithromycin.
8. Sulfonamides
[Increased compatibility efficacy] TMP, neomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin; [decreased compatibility efficacy] cephalosporins, ampicillin sodium; [
enhanced compatibility toxicity] florfenicol, roxithromycin.
9. Amino alcohols
thiamphenicol and florfenicol
[increased compatibility efficacy] neomycin, doxycycline, colistin; [decreased compatibility efficacy] cephalosporins, ampicillin sodium;
[increased compatibility toxicity] card Namycin, quinolones, sulfonamides, furans, streptomycin.
The vitamin folic acid, B12, can affect red blood cell production.
10. Aminophylline
[reduced efficacy of compatibility] quinolones;
[ineffectiveness of compatibility] VC, doxycycline, epinephrine.
11. Lincomycin
[compatibility enhancement] metronidazole;
[compatibility decrease efficacy] roxithromycin, tilmicosin;
[compatibility failure] sulfonamides, aminophylline.
12. Sulfonamides
[increased compatibility efficacy] TMP, neomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin; [decreased compatibility efficacy] cephalosporins, ampicillin sodium.
3. Precautions and principles of veterinary drug use
Safe, correct and rational use of veterinary drugs to effectively prevent and treat livestock and poultry diseases is the basic common sense that every breeder should master.
3.1. Diagnosis
Correct diagnosis of epidemic disease is the premise of correct treatment, and the effect of treatment is the verification of diagnosis. Only by correct diagnosis and prescribing the right medicine reasonably can a satisfactory curative effect be obtained. For diseases of unknown cause, drug abuse is strictly prohibited.
3.2. Course of treatment and administration time
The use of drugs must have a sufficient course of treatment. The length of the course of treatment depends on the severity of the disease, because the growth and reproduction of pathogens have a certain process. If the curative effect is too short, some pathogens can only be temporarily suppressed and cannot be eliminated. Once the drug is stopped, The suppressed bacteria will re-grow, multiply, and more serious symptoms will appear.
In general, the drug can be stopped after the symptoms disappear, but when antibiotics are used to treat certain infectious diseases, in order to consolidate the therapeutic effect, it is necessary to continue to use the drug for a period of time after the symptoms disappear. Some chronic diseases require long-term medication. In order to reduce adverse reactions, medication should be prescribed according to the course of treatment.
In addition, the application of some drugs at the right time can improve their drug efficacy. As for the administration time, it needs to be considered from the aspects of drug properties, absorption, drug stimulation to the stomach, animal tolerance and the time when the drug effect occurs. consider.
3.3. Dosage of the drug
Usually, the drug is absorbed by the body and can only play a role in treating diseases when it reaches an effective concentration.
If the dosage of the drug is too small, the effective concentration cannot be reached, the disease cannot be effectively controlled, and drug resistance is likely to occur; if the dosage is too large, after exceeding a certain concentration, the curative effect cannot be increased, resulting in waste of drugs and toxicity to the body.
Therefore, the frequency, dose and course of treatment should be reasonably arranged according to the duration of the effective concentration in the blood. In addition, some drugs have different dosages and different pharmacological effects, and the dosage of the drugs should be reasonably controlled according to the specific situation.
3.4. Drug interactions
In clinical practice, two or more drugs are often used in combination, with the purpose of improving efficacy, reducing or avoiding toxic reactions, and preventing and delaying the emergence of drug-resistant strains. When using veterinary drugs, the synergistic effect of the drugs should be fully utilized, and incompatibility should be paid attention to. For example, aminoglycoside drugs should not be compatible with erythromycin and other drugs, nor should they be compatible with muscle relaxants to prevent toxicity enhancement.
3.5. Drug resistance and allergic reactions
Drug resistance refers to the development of drug resistance by pathogens, and the second refers to the development of drug resistance in animal organisms. After continuous and repeated administration of certain drugs, the response of pathogens and animal organisms to the drugs decreases, resulting in drug resistance. This requires timely replacement of drugs according to the progress of the animal's disease.
An allergic reaction is an abnormal phenomenon that occurs in an individual animal after the application of a certain drug. Therefore, care should be taken when using veterinary drugs.
3.6. The species, age, gender and individual differences of animals
Because the species, age, sex and body weight of the sick animals are different, even to the same drug, their sensitivity and therapeutic effect are also different, and the reaction is not obvious. Therefore, special attention should be paid when using veterinary drugs, and the specific situation should be treated on a case-by-case basis.
3.7. Pathological conditions and functional conditions of animals
The pathological conditions and functional conditions of animals are different, and the responses to drugs are also different. Generally, the effect of drug treatment is more obvious under pathological conditions.
3.8. Comprehensive prevention and control measures
Acute and chronic diseases in animals are often accompanied by dysfunction of multiple organs and systems throughout the body. In the course of clinical treatment, adhere to the method of combining traditional Chinese and Western medicine, while applying antibiotics, pay attention to strengthening the regulation of electrolytes and body pH balance.
In the process of preventing and treating diseases in animals, it is required to be familiar with the pharmacology, toxicology, medicinal properties, indications, usage, dosage, and matters that should be paid attention to in use of various drugs. When selecting veterinary drugs, the principles of broad-spectrum efficiency, safety, convenience, economy and applicability, and harmlessness to humans should be followed.